Adult ECLS Course – Innovative ECMO Concepts (Complete Contents)

Understanding Blood and Blood Products in ECMO

Introduction to Blood and Blood Products in ECMO

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life-saving technique used to support patients with severe respiratory or cardiac failure. Blood and blood products play a crucial role in ECMO, as they help maintain optimal blood volume, coagulation, and oxygen delivery.

Blood Volume Management

Adequate blood volume is essential to ensure proper circulation and oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues. During ECMO, blood loss can occur due to cannulation, surgical procedures, or internal bleeding. Blood transfusions may be necessary to replenish blood volume and maintain hemodynamic stability.

Coagulation Management

ECMO involves the use of anticoagulants to prevent blood clotting within the circuit. However, excessive anticoagulation can increase the risk of bleeding complications. Blood coagulation tests are used to monitor anticoagulation levels and adjust treatment accordingly.

Oxygen Delivery

Blood contains red blood cells, which carry oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues. During ECMO, blood is oxygenated outside the body in a gas exchanger. Transfusions of packed red blood cells may be required to maintain adequate oxygen-carrying capacity.

Blood Products Used in ECMO

Various blood products may be used in ECMO, including:

• Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBCs): Used to increase oxygen-carrying capacity.
• Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP): Provides clotting factors and proteins.
• Cryoprecipitate: Rich in von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen, used to correct bleeding disorders.
• Platelets: Used to prevent or treat bleeding due to low platelet count.
• Albumin: Used to maintain plasma volume and prevent edema.

Monitoring and Management

Regular blood tests are performed to monitor blood count, coagulation parameters, and oxygenation. Blood product transfusions are administered as needed based on laboratory results and clinical assessments.

Conclusion

Blood and blood products are indispensable components of ECMO therapy. By understanding the various roles of blood and blood products, healthcare professionals can optimize their management and contribute to improved patient outcomes.